Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor-2 reduces neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury via alternative macrophage polarization.

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“Inflammation is an important mediator of secondary neurological injury after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Endocannabinoids, endogenously produced arachidonate based lipids, have recently emerged as powerful anti-inflammatory compounds, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly defined. Endocannabinoids are physiological ligands for two known cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R. In the present study, we hypothesized that selective activation of CB2R attenuates neuroinflammation and reduces neurovascular injury after TBI. Taken together, our findings support the development of selective CB2R agonists as a therapeutic strategy to improve TBI outcomes while avoiding the psychoactive effects of CB1R activation.”   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29079445   http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159117304774

“The Cannabinoid CB2 Receptor as a Target for Inflammation-Dependent Neurodegeneration. The first approved cannabinoid drugs were analogues of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). Dronabinol is a natural isomer of THC that is found in the cannabis plant” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2435344/

“Cannabinoid Receptor CB2 Is Involved in Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Anti-Inflammation against Lipopolysaccharide in MG-63 Cells. These results suggested that CB2 is involved in the THC-induced anti-inflammation”  https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/362126/

“Cannabinoids as novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Manipulation of endocannabinoids and/or use of exogenous cannabinoids in vivo can constitute a potent treatment modality against inflammatory disorders.  For several centuries, marijuana has been used as an alternative medicine in many cultures and, recently, its beneficial effects have been shown”  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2828614/

“Cannabinoids as neuroprotective agents in traumatic brain injury.  Cannabinoids of all classes have the ability to protect neurons from a variety of insults that are believed to underlie delayed neuronal death after traumatic brain injury (TBI), including excitotoxicity, calcium influx, free radical formation and neuroinflammation.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15281893

“Effect of marijuana use on outcomes in traumatic brain injury. A positive THC screen is associated with decreased mortality in adult patients sustaining TBI.”  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25264643

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