“Cannabis sativa is a medicinal plant that produces a diverse array of pharmacologically active metabolites, making it a valuable resource for pharmaceutical applications.
In this study, an adventitious root (AR) culture system was established from C. sativa using two representative plant growth regulators-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; hereafter referred to as N-ARs) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; hereafter referred to as I-ARs) -from which plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) were subsequently isolated (hereafter N-PDNVs and I-PDNVs, respectively).
The resulting N-PDNVs and I-PDNVs exhibited average diameters of 128 ± 2 and 124 ± 4 nm, respectively, with zeta potentials of -12.9 and -15.7 mV. Both PDNV types maintained structural integrity and colloidal stability under diverse external stress conditions, underscoring their physicochemical robustness. Metabolite profiling of PDNVs revealed 25 distinct metabolites. Functionally, I-PDNVs markedly enhanced dendritic cell maturation through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TLR4-dependent pathways, promoted T cell proliferation and activation (notably IFN-γ- and IL-17A-producing subsets), and increased natural killer (NK) cell activity compared with N-PDNVs.
In immunosuppressed and tumour-bearing mouse models, I-PDNVs further augmented NK cell, Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, thereby confirming their superior potential as immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, in immunized mouse models, OVA257-264-encapsulated I-PDNVs demonstrated a clear advantage as a vaccine delivery platform by eliciting a potent OVA257-264-specific CTL response.
When applied as a prophylactic cancer vaccine, they not only delayed tumour growth but also reshaped the antitumour immune landscape, characterized by enhanced CTL responses, reduced regulatory T cell frequencies and diminished exhausted CD8⁺ T cell populations.
Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of I-PDNVs as dual-function PDNVs, serving both as immunotherapeutic agents and as vaccine delivery platforms for applications requiring reinforced Th1, CTL and NK cell responses.”
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41316982
“Nanovesicles, commonly referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by various organisms or are artificially isolated under various conditions, with their sizes ranging from 30 nm to 10 µm. Owing to their functional properties, such as immunity promotion, inflammation control and antioxidant activities, nanovesicles have attracted attention as promising candidates for drug delivery systems (DDS) and for treating various immune-related diseases, including cancers, infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders.”
“Our study is the first to report the differences in the metabolic properties and immunoenhancing efficacy between I-PDNVs and N-PDNVs isolated from C. sativa AR induced by two distinct plant hormones, IBA and NAA. I-PDNVs strongly promoted a Th1-biased immune response by inducing both innate and adaptive immune activation, demonstrating their superior potential as an immunotherapeutic agent for immunosuppression and cancer treatment. Furthermore, the multifunctionality of I-PDNVs is highlighted by validating their potential as an integrated adjuvant and DDS in a cancer vaccine model.
Our findings suggest that I-PDNVs are promising immunotherapeutic candidates not only for cancer treatment, but also for intracellular infectious diseases and chronic viral infections, emphasizing their role as a multifunctional nanomaterial capable of integrating adjuvant and vaccine delivery functions for next-generation vaccine development.”
https://isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jev2.70206