Cannabidiol (CBD) Inhibits Streptococcus oralis Growth and Biofilm Formation, While Maintaining Human Gingival Epithelial Cell Viability: An In Vitro Study

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Dental biofilms can contribute to persistent oral infections and are often difficult to control with conventional antimicrobial approaches. Researchers are now exploring cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential oral antimicrobial, with laboratory findings showing activity against Streptococcus oralis, reduced biofilm formation, and maintained viability of human gingival epithelial cells at the concentrations tested.

“Background: The oral ecosystem harbors multiple microorganisms, including Streptococcus oralis (S. oralis), which contributes to biofilm formation and microbial virulence. To eliminate oral biofilms, mechanical intervention is combined with antimicrobial agents such as chlorhexidine, but these have limited effects. Such intervention could benefit natural antimicrobial compounds, including cannabidiol (CBD).

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effect of CBD on reducing S. oralis growth and decreasing its biofilm-forming capacity, as well as its interaction with human gingival epithelial cells, to explore its potential application as an oral antimicrobial agent.

Methodology: S. oralis was cultured in the presence of different concentrations of CBD. Bacterial growth was evaluated at different time points postexposure to CBD. Bacterial biofilm formation was investigated after 3 days of exposure to CBD using histological and quantitative analyses. The interaction between CBD and gingival epithelial cells was assessed using cell morphology, cell adhesion, and cell viability/proliferation assays.

Results: CBD inhibited planktonic growth of S. oralis in a concentration-dependent manner with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 μg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 25 μg/mL. CBD also significantly (p < 0.01) decreased S. oralis biofilm by disrupting its architecture. The effect on the bacterial growth and its capacity to form biofilms was observed even with a low concentration (3.12 μg/mL) of CBD. Given that antimicrobial molecules should be effective against biofilm-associated bacteria while maintaining compatibility with host tissues, this study showed that concentrations (3.12, 6.25, and 12.5 μg/mL) of CBD we tested have anti-S. oralis effect maintained human gingival epithelial cell viability.

Conclusion: CBD exhibited a significant antimicrobial effect against S. oralis. Although the bactericidal concentration was higher than the range tested in gingival epithelial cells, low and intermediate CBD concentrations inhibited S. oralis growth and biofilm formation while maintaining cell viability after 24 h of exposure. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting further investigation of the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of CBD in oral health contexts.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42597385

“This study demonstrated the effectiveness of CBD at different concentrations in inhibiting the growth of S. oralis at both early and late exposure periods.

Overall, this study provides preliminary evidence supporting further investigation of CBD as a potential antimicrobial molecule against S. oralis.”

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/ijod/4609857

A matter of formulation: Efficacy and tolerability of nabiximols and cannabis decoction for the treatment of multiple sclerosis-related spasticity

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Cannabinoid medicines are used to help manage multiple sclerosis-related spasticity, but formulation can influence both effectiveness and tolerability. In this study, both nabiximols and cannabis decoction were effective for MS-related spasticity, while cannabis decoction may represent a viable option for patients who do not respond to or tolerate nabiximols.

“Background: Spasticity is one of the most disabling symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is often inadequately controlled by standard treatments. Nabiximols is an approved cannabinoid therapy for MS-related spasticity, while cannabis decoctions may offer alternative efficacy and tolerability profiles.

Methods: This retrospective single-centre study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of nabiximols and cannabis decoction for MS-related spasticity, spasms, and pain, in particular in patients who switched from nabiximols to decoction. Patients initiating nabiximols between 2013 and 2024 were included. Modified Ashworth Scale (mAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for spasticity and pain, and Penn Spasm Frequency Scale (PSFS) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Efficacy was analysed using within-group and mixed-model approaches, and Cox regression evaluated discontinuation risk.

Results: Sixty-three patients were included; 39 (61.9%) discontinued nabiximols and 14 switched to cannabis decoction. Both treatments significantly improved spasticity, spasms, and pain. In switchers, cannabis decoction led to significant improvements across all outcomes. Nabiximols showed a higher, though not statistically significant, discontinuation rate, with adverse effects reported in 27.0% versus 14.3% for cannabis decoction. Longer disease duration was associated with discontinuation due to inefficacy, while tetraspasticity predicted switching to cannabis decoction.

Conclusions: Both nabiximols and cannabis decoction are effective for MS-related spasticity. Cannabis decoction may represent a viable option for patients who do not respond to or tolerate nabiximols. Differences in cannabinoid composition and pharmacokinetics may explain variations in outcomes. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and optimize treatment strategies.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42594706

https://www.msard-journal.com/article/S2211-0348(26)00463-3/abstract

Biocompatible Cyclodextrin-Cannabinoid Agar-Xanthan Gum Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery and Antimicrobial Soft-Tissue Biomedical Applications

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Researchers developed biocompatible hydrogels containing CBD and CBN designed for controlled cannabinoid delivery to soft tissue. The formulations provided sustained release for up to 72 hours, showed selective antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and remained noncytotoxic to human skin fibroblasts, supporting their potential use in localized drug delivery and tissue-engineering applications

“Agar/xanthan hydrogels incorporating hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) inclusion complexes of nonpsychoactive cannabinoids (cannabidiol, CBD; cannabinol, CBN) were developed as multifunctional biomaterials for controlled delivery and antimicrobial soft-tissue biomedical applications.

Physicochemical characterization showed improved thermal stability, tunable hydrophilicity, and a porous network suitable for loading and release. In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained cannabinoid delivery over 72 h, following first-order and Fu-Kao kinetic models.

The hydrogels exhibited selective antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while remaining inactive toward Escherichia coli. Cytocompatibility assays with human skin fibroblasts confirmed noncytotoxic behavior over 7 days for all hydrogel formulations tested.

These results highlight that cyclodextrin-cannabinoid-loaded agar/xanthan hydrogels are promising biocompatible platforms for controlled delivery with antimicrobial activity, suitable for tissue engineering applications.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42597876

“All these results demonstrate that combining agar/xanthan hydrogels with HPβ-CD–cannabinoid inclusion complexes yields multifunctional, biocompatible materials with controlled release and selective antibacterial activity, making them promising candidates for soft-tissue local controlled-release applications.”

https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/31/46955/5232225/Biocompatible-Cyclodextrin-Cannabinoid-Agar

Flexible Bionanocomposites from Epoxidized Hemp Seed Oil Thermosetting Resin Reinforced with Halloysite Nanotubes

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Hemp seed oil may have value far beyond food and nutrition. Researchers converted the oil into a flexible, transparent thermosetting material and reinforced it with halloysite nanotubes, producing bionanocomposites with improved thermal stability, stiffness, strength, ductility, and toughness. The sustainable material could provide an alternative to petroleum-based polymers for applications such as packaging

“Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) oil comprises a variety of beneficial unsaturated triglycerides with well-documented nutritional and health benefits. However, it can become rancid over a relatively short time period, leading to increased industrial costs and waste of a valuable product.

The development of sustainable polymers is presented as a strategy, where both the presence of unsaturation and peroxide content could be effectively used to alleviate both the waste and financial burden.

After the reaction with peroxyacetic acid, the incorporation of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and the subsequent thermal curing, without the need for organic solvents or interfacial modifiers, flexible transparent materials with a low glass-transition temperature were developed.

The improvement in the thermal stability and both the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites were significantly enhanced with the well-dispersed HNT filler. At an optimum concentration of 0.5 wt % HNTs, a simultaneous increase in stiffness, strength, ductility, and toughness was observed in comparison to the unfilled cured resin.

These sustainable food-waste-derived bionanocomposites may provide an interesting alternative to petroleum-based materials, particularly for low-load-bearing applications, such as packaging.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28240903

https://pubs.acs.org/jpcbfk/article-abstract/121/11/2454/1103644/Flexible-Bionanocomposites-from-Epoxidized-Hemp?redirectedFrom=fulltext

From Hemp Waste to Bioactive Nanofiber Composites: Deep Eutectic Solvents and Electrospinning in Upcycling Endeavors

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Hemp agricultural waste could become a useful raw material for advanced sustainable products rather than simply being discarded. Researchers transformed hemp waste into electrospun composite nanofibers with improved mechanical strength along with antioxidant and antibacterial properties, demonstrating a promising way to turn cannabis-industry waste into bioactive materials.

“Natural fibers have attracted increasing interest as an alternative to produce environmentally friendly and sustainable materials.

Particularly, hemp fibers have been widely used in various industrial applications due to their extremely unique properties. However, hemp can generate a large amount of agro-waste, and it results in an attractive source of biopolymers for the development of low-cost materials as an alternative to the raw materials and conventional petroleum-based plastics.

In addition, deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new type of truly green solvents, have been shown to remove gums, lignin, and other non-cellulosic components from hemp fibers. Reusing these components dissolved into the DESs to fabricate new materials directly by electrospinning is a very attractive but still unexplored endeavor.

Thus, this innovative research to venture new upcycling pathways is focused on the fabrication of composite nanofibers by electrospinning of a gel-based blend of Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and hemp agro-waste (HW) dissolved into choline chloride (ChCl):Glycerol (1:2) and ChCl:Urea (1:2) DES mixtures.

The results obtained revealed that the produced nanofibers displayed uniform appearance with diameters ranging from 257.7 ± 65.6 nm to 380.8 ± 134.0 nm. In addition, the mechanical properties of the electrospun composite nanofibers produced from the gel-based blends of HW dissolved in DESs and PVA (HW-DESs_PVA) were found to be superior, resulting in an enhanced tensile strength and Young’s modulus.

Furthermore, the incorporation of HW into the nanofibers was able to provide bioactive antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

Overall, this study demonstrated a promising, more sustainable, and eco-friendly way to produce electrospun composite nanofibers using HW in a circular economy perspective.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38275839

https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/10/1/1

Marijuana Use for Symptom Control in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Patients’ Perceptions and Patterns of Use

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Many people with inflammatory bowel disease use cannabis to manage symptoms that remain difficult to control. In this survey of 108 patients with IBD, frequent marijuana use was associated with reported relief of nausea and vomiting, joint pain, and insomnia, while 87.6% of participants said it improved their quality of life and 59.3% believed it reduced their opioid use.

“Introduction: Many patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) use marijuana for disease-related symptoms. Data regarding reasons for usage, impact, and perceptions on its effects is lacking. Our study aimed to understand patterns of marijuana use, underlying symptom response, and beliefs about marijuana in patients with IBD.

Methods: An anonymous REDCap survey comprised of 39 questions on demographics, disease features, patterns of marijuana use, symptoms, quality of life, and true/false statements about marijuana was administered to 108 participants recruited from University of Florida (UF) IBD clinic.

Results: Participants were 47.2% male and 51.9% female. While a significant percentage of subjects reported co-morbid depression/anxiety (61.1%), the percentages for PTSD and ADHD are both 19.4%. Patient characteristics are compared among three reasons of marijuana use (Recreational, Medical and Combination). There was a notable shift in reasons for use with both age (p = 0.0074) and duration of IBD diagnosis (p = 0.006): recreational use is more common among younger patients and those with a shorter duration of IBD diagnosis, medical use becomes predominant in middle-aged patients and those with an intermediate duration of diagnosis, and combination use increases among older patients and those with the longest duration of IBD diagnosis. Comparisons are also conducted based on the frequency of marijuana usage. Associations were found between marijuana use frequency and symptom relief. Daily or near-daily marijuana use was associated with self-reported relief of nausea/vomiting (82.1%; p = 0.003), arthralgias (81%; p = 0.013), and insomnia (80%; p = 0.02). Additionally, marijuana use was linked to an improved ability to live independently (p = 0.0075) and current employment (p = 0.04). Patients with a history of bowel surgery were more likely to report marijuana use lasting longer than 5 years (OR 21.94, CI [2.91, 250.18], p = 0.0059) and using marijuana at least once weekly (OR 11.13, CI [1.78, 97.69], p = 0.0163). Notably, 59.3% of respondents believed marijuana use had reduced their opioid consumption. Marijuana users with a history of IBD-related hospitalization had higher odds of reporting depression/anxiety (OR 14.3, CI [2.34, 143.2], p = 0.009) and diarrhea symptoms (OR 13.3, CI [2.2, 128.9], p = 0.01). When asked how marijuana use affected their ability to live independently, 61.3% of participants reported “improved.” Similarly, 87.6% respondents reported improvement in their quality of life with marijuana use.

Conclusions: Marijuana can be helpful for symptom control, reducing reliance on opioid pharmaceuticals, and may improve quality of life in patients with IBD. Participants demonstrated good insight regarding the role of marijuana in the management of their disease.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42592634

“Inflammatory bowel disease is an autoimmune condition causing inflammation in the small intestines and colon. It can often lead to chronic pain, hospitalization, surgery, and poor quality of life. Data regarding marijuana use among patients with inflammatory bowel disease is lacking. We conducted an anonymous survey of 108 participants with inflammatory bowel disease who use marijuana. Most participants reported improvement in symptoms, decreased opioid usage, and accurate perceptions on marijuana effects in their disease process.”

https://karger.com/mca/article/9/1/211/951948/Marijuana-Use-for-Symptom-Control-in-Inflammatory

Synergistic In Vitro Effects of Minor Phytocannabinoids and Melatonin Combinations Against Human Glioblastoma Cells

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Glioblastoma remains one of the most difficult brain cancers to treat, in part because tumor cells can develop resistance to chemotherapy. In laboratory testing, combinations of the minor cannabinoids CBN or CBG with melatonin produced synergistic anticancer effects against human glioblastoma cells while sparing healthy astrocytes, and significantly enhanced the effectiveness of temozolomide.

“The prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM) patients remains dismal due to chemoresistance.

Repurposing of natural and endogenous compounds, such as the pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) and minor phytocannabinoids like cannabinol (CBN) or cannabigerol (CBG), represents a promising strategy.

This study investigates the cytotoxic potential of combining these phytocannabinoids with MLT, evaluating their efficacy both alone and synergistically with temozolomide (TMZ) to overcome drug resistance.

To achieve this, cytotoxicity, synergy (Bliss model), and selectivity were evaluated in U87, T98, and U251 GBM lines and normal astrocytes. Mechanisms of damage were characterized via Western blot (γH2AX and PARP-1), flow cytometry using fluorescent dyes/probes (DCFDA, JC-1, MitoBright, BODIPY, PI, and Annexin-V), or the protein marker COX IV and confocal analysis.

The results demonstrated that CBN-MLT and CBG-MLT regimens exerted synergistic cytotoxicity while sparing healthy astrocytes. Notably, combining these regimens (U87: MLT 0.3 mg/mL + CBN 25 µM; MLT 0.2 mg/mL + CBG 15 µM. T98: MLT 0.7 mg/mL + CBN 25 µM; MLT 0.6 mg/mL + CBG 30 µM. U251: MLT 0.4 mg/mL + CBN 20 µM; MLT 0.5 mg/mL + CBG 35 µM) with TMZ significantly enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy, overcoming baseline effects of TMZ in these cell lines.

The combinations induced necrotic cell death characterized by severe double-strand DNA damage. This was driven by an early accumulation of intracellular ROS, which triggered mitochondrial depolarization, loss of organelle mass, and lipid peroxidation. CBN combinations consistently triggered more robust biochemical alterations than CBG-based treatments.

Taken together, this study provides a strong preclinical basis for utilizing minor cannabinoids combined with MLT in GBM management.

Crucially, this co-treatment emerges as a promising approach to potentiate TMZ efficacy, offering a novel and potentially effective therapeutic strategy to counter GBM resilience.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42589431

“In recent years, the repurposing of endogenous compounds and natural products has emerged as a promising frontier in neuro-oncology. Among these, the pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) and phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa, most notably Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), have shown strong individual anti-cancer effects “

“Crucially, phytocannabinoids are capable of inhibiting tumor growth, inducing cancer cell death, and modulating the immune microenvironment. Moreover, they have demonstrated a distinct ability to enhance the effectiveness of conventional therapies and sensitize chemotherapeutic treatments, helping to overcome established resistance mechanisms.”

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/15/6774


Whole-Cell Transformation of Cannabidiol by Selected Filamentous Fungi into Novel Polar Derivatives

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Researchers are using fungi as biological tools to transform cannabidiol (CBD) into new chemical derivatives that may have different properties from the original cannabinoid. In this study, selected filamentous fungi converted CBD into several more polar metabolites, expanding the range of cannabinoid compounds that could be explored for future pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.

“Cannabidiol (CBD) is a bioactive phytocannabinoid with considerable pharmacological potential. However, its limited aqueous solubility and high lipophilicity remain significant barriers to its broader pharmaceutical application.

In this study, the enzymatic potential of selected filamentous fungi was investigated as a whole-cell biocatalytic platform for the regioselective functionalization of CBD.

Sixteen fungal strains were screened, and thirteen microorganisms successfully transformed CBD into more polar derivatives. Four strains showing distinct and promising chromatographic profiles were selected for scale-up biotransformation and product isolation: Mucor hiemalis KCh W2, M. hiemalis AM 450, Isaria fumosorosea KCh J2, and Metarhizium robertsii MU4. Eight CBD derivatives were isolated and identified by UHPLC-DAD, NMR spectroscopy, and HRESI-MS, including hydroxylated, glycosylated, and methylglycosylated products.

Among them, two metabolites, 2′-O-(4‴-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cannabidiol and 2′-O-(4‴-O-methyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-5″-hydroxycannabidiol, are reported here as previously undescribed CBD derivatives. 

I. fumosorosea KCh J2 and M. robertsii MU4 demonstrated the ability to catalyse 4-O-methylglycosylation. An additional experiment using 2′-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-cannabidiol as an intermediate supported a sequential pathway involving initial phenolic O-glycosylation followed by methylation of the sugar moiety. In silico analysis predicted reduced lipophilicity for the newly obtained derivatives compared with CBD; however, these computational results require experimental verification and should not be interpreted as evidence of improved aqueous solubility, bioavailability, or biological activity.

These findings demonstrate that filamentous fungi are useful whole-cell biocatalysts for generating structurally diverse CBD derivatives with increased polarity and provide new compounds for future physicochemical and biological evaluation.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42589536

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/15/6884

In Silico Screening of Cannabis sativa Phytochemicals as Potential Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors for Anti-Leishmanial Drug-Prioritized Compound Development

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Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease with limited treatment options, increasing drug resistance, and significant treatment-related toxicity. In this computational study, researchers screened natural compounds against an enzyme essential to parasite survival and found that cannabinol (CBN) was among the compounds showing favorable binding, supporting further investigation of cannabis-derived molecules in anti-leishmanial drug discovery.

“Leishmaniasis remains a major neglected tropical disease with limited therapeutic options, increasing drug resistance, and significant treatment-associated toxicity. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), which plays an essential role in polyamine synthesis and survival of parasites, is a potential molecular target for the discovery of anti-leishmanial agents.

In this study, 49 natural products with bioactive properties, such as cannabinoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids, are evaluated against ODC using computational approaches like molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

During molecular docking analysis, some compounds showed good affinity binding to the ODC catalytic site, namely Sanguinarine (-8.53 kcal/mol), Rutin (-8.15 kcal/mol), Evodiamine (-7.83 kcal/mol), Cannabinol (-7.58 kcal/mol), and β-sitosterol (-7.56 kcal/mol). Analysis of protein-ligand complex interactions showed that these compounds formed hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, π-alkyl contacts, π-cation contacts, and van der Waals forces in the vicinity of the active-site amino acid residue. For further analysis, MD simulations were performed for 100 ns on the best-docking complexes. Comparative trajectory analysis of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bonds was conducted, revealing that Rutin and Evodiamine exhibited relatively high structural stability and consistent interactions within the ODC binding cavity.

Overall, this study indicates that the natural compounds analyzed here could be considered promising hit compounds for anti-leishmanial drug discovery against ODC. However, further investigations using experimental techniques are required to confirm their biological properties and efficacy.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42589139

“Leishmaniasis is considered a neglected tropical disease due to limited treatment options, increasing resistance to prioritized compounds, and high toxicity associated with treatment, necessitating the exploration of new potential treatment approaches with improved safety profiles.

In this research, computational tools were used to evaluate the efficacy of certain natural bioactive compounds on Ornithine Decarboxylase, which is a key enzyme involved in parasite viability. Molecular docking found several compounds, including Sanguinarine, Rutin, Evodiamine, Cannabinol, and β-sitosterol, with good binding energy and interaction patterns. Further, molecular dynamics studies showed that Rutin and Evodiamine had relatively stable interactions with the protein target.

Overall, the current findings suggest that selected natural compounds could serve as potential candidates for prioritized compound development in the treatment of leishmaniasis.”

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/15/15/1272

Design, Synthesis, In Silico and In Vitro Pharmacological Profiling of Cannabidiol-like Synthetic Analogues as Multi-Target Anti-Alzheimer’s Agents

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Alzheimer’s disease involves multiple overlapping pathological processes, making multitarget therapies especially attractive. Researchers synthesized a series of CBD-like compounds and found several with strong butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant activity, favorable predicted brain penetration, and good neuronal-cell safety. Two compounds, 3b and 3f, emerged as particularly promising leads for further development as multi-target anti-Alzheimer’s agents.

“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that requires therapeutic agents capable of targeting multiple pathological pathways.

In this study, a series of cannabidiol (CBD)-like hydrazone derivatives (3a–i) was synthesized and characterized by NMR, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction for compound 3i.

In silico ADME analysis predicted favorable drug-like properties, including compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five, oral bioavailability, and blood-brain barrier permeability. The compounds were evaluated for cholinesterase inhibition, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity in neuronal cell lines, and binding interactions with human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) by molecular docking. Biological evaluation revealed a marked preference for BChE over acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

Compound 3f was the most potent BChE inhibitor (IC50 = 1.67 ± 0.11 μM), while compounds 3b and 3f demonstrated high selectivity toward BChE. Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and FTC) indicated moderate, mechanism-dependent activity. Compounds 3b and 3e showed the strongest ABTS radical-scavenging effects, whereas compounds 3b and 3f provided the greatest protection against lipid peroxidation, surpassing CBD under the tested conditions. Several derivatives, particularly 3a, 3b, 3f, 3h, and 3i, exhibited favorable safety profiles in SH-SY5Y and Neuro-2a cells. Molecular docking supported the experimental findings.

Overall, compounds 3b and 3f emerged as promising multifunctional leads for the development of multitarget-directed anti-Alzheimer agents.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42588505

“Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa, has emerged as a promising multitarget neuroprotective agent for Alzheimer’s disease (AD).”

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/15/2657