“Background: This study evaluated the antimicrobial effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on a multi-species subgingival biofilm model.

Materials and methods: Biofilms were formed using 33 bacterial species on a Calgary device. Two protocols were tested: (A) biofilm in contact with CBD (125, 250 and 500 µg/mL) and chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX) for the entire period; (B) treatments with CBD (500 and 1000 µg/mL) and CHX started on day 3, twice a day, for 1 minute. The total biofilm counts, the proportion of complexes, and the counts of each species were evaluated by DNA-DNA hybridization (Checkerboard).

Results: In Experiment A, CBD at concentrations of 250 and 500 µg/mL, as well as CHX, significantly reduced the total biofilm count. At 500 µg/mL, CBD also decreased the proportion of the red complex and reduced the counts of 10 bacterial species, whereas CHX affected 20 species. In Protocol B, both CBD at 1000 µg/mL and CHX reduced the total biofilm count and the proportion of the red complex, while increasing the proportion of the green complex. Both protocols led to a reduction in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia.

Conclusion: CBD reduced the total bacterial count and the red complex, inhibiting known periodontal pathogens. Within the limitations, the results provide exploratory evidence that CBD may reduce the total bacterial count in the proposed polymicrobial biofilm model, including the red complex bacteria, and may thus be postulated as an inhibitor of known periodontal pathogens. However, future in vivo studies with robust sample sizes and standardized CFU-based quantification are required to confirm these findings.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41509036

“These exploratory observations demonstrated a notable antimicrobial activity of CBD by reducing red complex bacteria and key periodontopathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, in a multispecies subgingival biofilm model, comparable to CHX.”

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20002297.2025.2603706

“Background: CBD holds substantial promise in medical applications. This review aims to comprehensively analyse the current status of cannabidiol (CBD) in dentistry.

Methods: A systematic search of databases including PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO), and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) was conducted. Peer-reviewed journal manuscripts focusing on cell studies, clinical trials, and registered patents related to CBD and its derivatives in dentistry were summarised. Inclusion criteria were studies on CBD in dentistry, including original research and patents, published in English between 2013 and mid-2023 (articles) or early 2024 (patents), with full-text availability. Excluded were non-dentistry studies, unpublished or non-peer-reviewed reports, and duplicates using Microsoft Excel. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Two observers independently screened the articles for inclusion in the present study to mitigate bias. Cohen’s kappa was used to measure inter-rater agreement.

Results: The total number of included studies was 57. Cell-based studies demonstrated CBD’s effectiveness in modulating cellular responses and anti-inflammatory properties, especially in oral-origin cells, and its impact on osteogenic differentiation. Research, including clinical trials and patents, has shown CBD’s benefits in treating pain and inflammation in the maxillofacial area, notably in conditions such as radiation-induced mucositis. CBD research in dental pain and inflammation is advanced, but studies on CBD’s role in regenerative dentistry remain limited.

Conclusion: More studies on the mineralisation of oro-facial structures are necessary to fully understand CBD’s role in regenerative dentistry. This study was supported by the Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University. This study was registered in the PROSPERO (ID: CRD4201055832) and Open Science Framework (OSF) database (osf.io/z3bd8). The PRISMA guideline was followed to include the relevant full-text papers.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41194764/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jop.70081

“Aims: Bacterial resistance and systemic risks associated with periodontitis underscore the need for novel antimicrobial agents. Cannabis sativa is a promising source of antimicrobial molecules, and cannabidiol (CBD) attracts significant interest. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of CBD against periodontopathogens, and assessed its toxicity in vivo model.

Methods and results: Antibacterial activity was determined by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Biofilm inhibition was determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Biofilm (MICB50). Toxicity was assessed using Caeonorhabditis elegans. The periodontopathogens tested were Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 19039), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337), Veillonella parvula (ATCC 17745), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43717). CBD exhibited antibacterial effects with MICs of 0.39 to 3.12 μg ml-1 and MICB50 of 0.39 μg ml-1 to 1.56 μg ml-1 against biofilms, without toxicity below 375 μg ml1.

Conclusion: The results suggest that CBD is a non-toxic product with antibacterial and antibiofilm potential, exhibiting promise as a therapeutic alternative for oral diseases.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39737707/

https://academic.oup.com/jambio/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jambio/lxae316/7934962?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false

“Objectives: This study investigated the in vitro effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on dental pulp cells and macrophages under pro-inflammatory conditions.

Materials and methods: Mouse dental pulp undifferentiated cells (OD-21) were pre-stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (10 ng/mL) or left untreated, then exposed to CBD at concentrations of 0.01 µM, 0.1 µM, 1 µM, and 10 µM for 24 hours and 7 days. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, while gene expression related to mineralization-Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (Dspp), Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (Dmp1), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), TNF-α (Tnf), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) were analyzed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mineralization nodule formation was evaluated using alizarin red staining. Macrophages (RAW 264.7) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 2 hours before exposure to the same CBD concentrations. Data analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and comparisons using ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results: The findings indicated that CBD did not significantly affect OD-21 cell viability, except for the 10 µM concentration after 7 days (p < 0.05). CBD treatment promoted mineralization, with significant differences observed among groups (p < 0.05). Notably, Ptgs2 expression varied between time points, while Runx2 expression was significantly reduced at 24 hours (p < 0.05). In macrophages, Ptgs2 expression was low, and TNF-α levels were downregulated across all tested CBD concentrations (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: These results suggest that cannabidiol may positively influence the biomineralization process and modulate inflammatory mediator expression.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39706322/

“Cannabidiol is a compelling candidate for innovative dental therapies aimed at both reparative and preventive care.”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0300571224007048?via%3Dihub

“Aim: Cannabidiol (CBD), derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, exhibits benefits in potentially alleviating a number of oral and dental pathoses, including pulpitis and periodontal diseases. This study aimed to explore the impact of CBD on several traits of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC), such as their proliferation, apoptosis, migration and odonto/osteogenic differentiation.

Methodology: hDPSCs were harvested from human dental pulp tissues. The cells were treated with CBD at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25 and 50 μg/mL. Cell responses in terms of cell proliferation, colony-forming unit, cell cycle progression, cell migration, apoptosis and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs were assessed in the normal culture condition and P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ‘inflammatory’ milieus. RNA sequencing and proteomic analysis were performed to predict target pathways impacted by CBD.

Results: CBD minimally affects hDPSCs’ behaviour under normal culture growth milieu in normal conditions. However, an optimal concentration of 1.25 μg/mL CBD significantly countered the harmful effects of LPS, indicated by the promoting cell proliferation and restoring the odonto/osteogenic differentiation potential of hDPSCs under LPS-treated conditions. The proteomic analysis demonstrated that several proteins involved in cell proliferation and differentiation were upregulated following CBD exposure, including CCL8, CDC42 and KFL5. RNA sequencing data indicated that CBD upregulated the Notch signalling pathway. In an inhibitory experiment, DAPT, a Notch inhibitor, reduced the effect of CBD-rescued LPS-attenuated mineralization in hDPSCs, suggesting that CBD potentially mediates Notch activation to exert its impact on odonto/osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs.

Conclusions: CBD recovers the proliferation and survival of hDPSCs following exposure to LPS. Additionally, we report that CBD-mediated Notch activation effectively restores the odonto/osteogenic differentiation ability of hDPSCs under inflamed conditions. These results underscore the potential role of CBD as a therapeutic option to enhance dentine regeneration.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39697062/

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iej.14183