“Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is the first clonal myeloproliferative disorder of pluripotent stem cells to be associated with a specific genetic abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, bearing the BCR-ABL1 fusion oncogene. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used as first-line treatment for the chronic phase of CML, although alternative treatments are necessary for resistant cases.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major constituent of hemp oil that exerts a broad range of pharmacological effects in various malignancies. However, its molecular mechanisms in leukaemia remain unclear. In the present study, Imatinib-sensitive K-562S cells were subjected to CBD treatment (IC50: 17.69 μM) for 4 and 12 h, followed by RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

The subsequent transcriptomic profiling revealed 3518 DEGs at 12 h and 3433 DEGs at 4 h of treatment, including significant modulation of metallothionein-regulated oxidative stress responses (MT1, MT2, and SLC30A2) and p53-mediated apoptosis (TP53TG3, DDIT4, BBC3, CHAC1, NOXA1, and DAPK2). Additionally, the DEGs were enriched in alterations in immune signalling pathways-including type I interferon activation and PI3K-Akt-mTOR and Toll-like receptor signalling-crucial in leukaemia progression, as well as variations in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis.

The results presented in this study validate the considerable potential of CBD to induce broad transcriptional and signalling alterations, related to immune modulation, apoptosis, and metabolic processes in K-562S cells. These findings provide novel insights into the therapeutic potential of CBD and lay the groundwork for further investigation into its precision applications in haematological malignancies.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41080716/

“Cannabis sativa (marijuana, hashish) has been used for centuries as an herbal remedy for the treatment of various ailments, as well as for its psychotropic properties. More than 550 constituents have been identified in cannabis, of which greater than 100 are represented by the family of phytocannabinoids. The most abundant amongst them are the psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which exhibit primary anti-cancer effects on various malignant diseases, including leukaemia.”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2699940425000773?via%3Dihub

“The present study was aimed at revealing the metabolic changes that occurred in the cellular lipid pattern of acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia cells following treatment with cannabidiol (CBD).

CBD is a non-psychoactive compound present in Cannabis sativa L., which has shown an antiproliferative action in these type of cancer cells.

CBD treatment reduced cell viability and initiated apoptotic and necrotic processes in both cancer cell lines in a time and dose-dependent manner, showing acute myeloid leukaemia (HL-60) cells greater sensitivity than chronic myeloid leukaemia ones (K-562), without differences in the activation of caspases 3/7. Then, control and treated cells of HL-60 and K-562 cell lines were studied through an untargeted lipidomic approach.

The treatment was carried out with CBD at a concentration of 10 μM for HL-60 cells and 23 µM CBD for K-562 cells for 48 h. After the extraction of the lipid content from cell lysates, the samples were analysed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS both in the positive and the negative ionization modes. The comprehensive characterization of cellular lipids unveiled several classes significantly affected by CBD treatment. Most of the differences correspond to phospholipids, including cardiolipins (CL), phosphatidylcholines (PC) and phosphosphingolipids (SM), and also triacylglycerols (TG), being many TG species increased after CBD treatment in the acute and chronic models, whereas phospholipids were found to be decreased.

The results highlight some important lipid alterations related to CBD treatment, plausibly connected with different metabolic mechanisms involved in the process of cell death by apoptosis in cancer cell lines.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39824876/

“Cannabinoids have shown to be effective both as a single agent and in combination with antineoplastic drugs.”

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-86044-5

“Several cannabis plant-derived compounds, especially cannabinoids, exhibit therapeutic potential in numerous diseases and conditions.

In particular, THC and CBD impart palliative, antiemetic, as well as anticancer effects.

The antitumor effects include inhibition of cancerous cell growth and metastasis and induction of cell death, all mediated by cannabinoid interaction with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). However, the exact molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. In addition, their effects on leukemia have scarcely been investigated.

The current work aimed to assess the antileukemic effects of CBN and CBG on an acute monocytic leukemia cell line, the THP-1. THP-1 cell viability, morphology and cell cycle analyses were performed to determine potential cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and apoptotic effects of CBN and CBG. Western blotting was carried out to measure the expression of the proapoptotic p53.

Both CBN and CBG inhibited cell growth and induced THP-1 cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CBN and CBG illustrated different dosage effects on THP-1 cells in the MTT assay (CBN > 40 μΜ, CBG > 1 μM) and flow cytometry (CBN > 5 μM, CBG > 40 μM), highlighting the cannabinoids’ antileukemic activity.

Our study hints at a direct correlation between p53 expression and CBG or CBN doses exceeding 50 μM, suggesting potential activation of p53-associated signaling pathways underlying these effects.

Taken together, CBG and CBN exhibited suppressive, cell death-inducing effects on leukemia cells. However, further in-depth research will be needed to explore the molecular mechanisms driving the anticancer effects of CBN and CBG in the leukemia setting.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39770061/

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/24/5970

“In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), more than 50% of cases display autoactivation of Notch1 signaling, leading to oncogenic transformation.

We have previously identified a specific chemovar of Cannabis that induces apoptosis by preventing Notch1 maturation in leukemia cells. Here, we isolated three cannabinoids from this chemovar that synergistically mimic the effects of the whole extract. Two were previously known, cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidivarin (CBDV), whereas the third cannabinoid, which we termed 331-18A, was identified and fully characterized in this study.

We demonstrated that these cannabinoids act through cannabinoid receptor type 2 and TRPV1 to activate the integrated stress response pathway by depleting intracellular Ca²⁺. This is followed by increased mRNA and protein expression of ATF4, CHOP, and CHAC1, which is hindered by inhibiting the upstream initiation factor eIF2α. The increased abundance of CHAC1 prevents Notch1 maturation, thereby reducing the levels of the active Notch1 intracellular domain, and consequently decreasing cell viability and increasing apoptosis.

Treatment with the three isolated molecules resulted in reduced tumor size and weight in vivo and slowed leukemia progression in mice models. Altogether, this study elucidated the mechanism of action of three distinct cannabinoids in modulating the Notch1 pathway, and constitutes an important step in the establishment of a new therapy for treating NOTCH1-mutated diseases and cancers such as T-ALL.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39258755/

https://elifesciences.org/articles/90854

“Ethnopharmacological relevance: The Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica (Lam.) plant has been historically utilized as a natural herbal remedy for the treatment of several ailments. In Lebanon, cannabis extracts have long been traditionally used to treat arthritis, diabetes, and cancer.

Aim of the study: The current study aims to investigate the anti-cancer properties of Lebanese cannabis oil extract (COE) on acute myeloid leukemia using WEHI-3 cells, and a WEHI-3-induced leukemia mouse model.

Materials and methods: WEHI-3 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of COE to determine the IC₅₀ after 24, 48 and 72-h post treatment. Flow cytometry was utilized to identify the mode of cell death. Western blot assay was performed to assess apoptotic marker proteins. In vivo model was established by inoculating WEHI-3 cells in BALB/c mice, and treatment commencing 10 days post-inoculation and continued for a duration of 3 weeks.

Results: COE exhibited significant cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ of 7.76, 3.82, and 3.34 μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 h respectively post-treatment. COE treatment caused an induction of apoptosis through an inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway and triggering a caspase-dependent apoptosis via the extrinsic and intrinsic modes independent of ROS production. Animals treated with COE exhibited a significantly higher survival rate, reduction in spleen weight as well as white blood cells count.

Conclusion: COE exhibited a potent anti-cancer activity against AML cells, both in vitro and in vivo. These findings emphasize the potential application of COE as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant in treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38964627/

“•Lebanese cannabis oil demonstrated potent cytotoxicity against WEHI-3 leukemic cells.

•Cannabis oil induces apoptosis through partial inhibition of the MAPK/ERK pathway.

•Cannabis oil triggers a caspase-dependent apoptosis via the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

•Cannabis oil treatment significantly increased survival rate, reduced spleen weight and WBC count in WEHI-3-induced leukemia mouse model.”

“Unlike conventional chemotherapy, which often causes harmful side effects, and can lead to resistance to multiple drugs, cannabis oil offers promise as a safer alternative.”

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874124008110?via%3Dihub

“The discovery of the interactome of cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid from Cannabis sativa L., has been here performed on chronic myelogenous leukemia cancer cells, using an optimized chemo-proteomic stage, which links Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability with Limited Proteolysis Multiple Reaction Monitoring approaches. The obtained results showed the ability of CBD to target simultaneously some potential protein partners, corroborating its well-known poly-pharmacology activity. In human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cancer cells, the most fascinating protein partner was identified as the 116 kDa U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein element called EFTUD2, which fits with the spliceosome complex. The binding mode of this oncogenic protein with CBD was clarified using mass spectrometry-based and in silico analysis.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38268604/

“Recent studies exposed that CBD decreases the proliferation of human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cancer cells by prompting apoptosis”

https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)00227-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2405844024002275%3Fshowall%3Dtrue

“Background: 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a member of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon family. It is a mutagenic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressor agent. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid. It has anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible protective and therapeutic benefits of CBD oil in DMBA-induced leukemia in rats.

Method: Experimental animals were divided into six groups of five rats each. Group 1 (normal control) included healthy rats. Group 2 included normal rats that received olive oil. Group 3 included normal rats that received CBD. Group 4 included the DMBA-induced leukemic group. Group 5 (prophylactic group) included rats that received CBD as a prophylaxis before IV injection with DMBA. Group 6 (treated group) included DMBA-induced leukemic rats that received CBD as treatment. Liver functions (total, direct and indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, globulin, and albumin globulin ratio) were measured. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were also measured. Total RNA extraction followed by-real time qRT-PCR gene expression of LC3-II, Beclin, mTOR, and P62 was performed. Histopathological examination of liver and spleen tissues was performed.

Results: Administration of CBD in groups 5 and 6 resulted in a significant improvement of the levels of liver functions compared to the leukemic untreated rats. Also, the levels of catalase and SOD significantly increased after treatment with CBD compared to the leukemic group. After treatment with CBD in groups 5 and 6, there were downregulations in the expression of all studied genes compared to leukemic untreated rats. Treatment with CBD was more statistically effective than prophylactic use.

Conclusion: Administration of CBD resulted in a significant improvement in the biochemical, antioxidant status, morphological, and molecular measures in DMBA-induced leukemia in adult male rats. The therapeutic use was more effective than the prophylactic one.”

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37837474/

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00210-023-02737-6