Tag Archives: agonists

Cannabinoids for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: moving toward the clinic.

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“The limited effectiveness of current therapies against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) highlights the need for intensifying research efforts devoted to developing new agents for preventing or retarding the disease process. During the last few years, targeting the endogenous cannabinoid system has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to treat Alzheimer.

The endocannabinoid system is composed by a number of cannabinoid receptors, including the well-characterized CB1 and CB2 receptors… Several findings indicate that the activation of both CB1 and CB2 receptors by natural or synthetic agonists, at non-psychoactive doses, have beneficial effects in Alzheimer experimental models…

Moreover, endocannabinoid signaling has been demonstrated to modulate numerous concomitant pathological processes, including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.

The present paper summarizes the main experimental studies demonstrating the polyvalent properties of cannabinoid compounds for the treatment of AD, which together encourage progress toward a clinical trial.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24634659

“Considering the numerous complex pathological mechanisms involved in the progression of AD, treatments targeting a single causal or modifying factor offer limited benefit. Cannabinoids, however, exhibit pleiotropic activity, targeting in parallel several processes that play key roles in AD…”

Full: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942876/

“Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease pathology by cannabinoids: neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation…Our results indicate that cannabinoid receptors are important in the pathology of AD and that cannabinoids succeed in preventing the neurodegenerative process occurring in the disease.” http://www.jneurosci.org/content/25/8/1904.long

Anandamide, a naturally-occurring agonist of the cannabinoid receptor, blocks adenylate cyclase at the frog neuromuscular junction.

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“Anandamide (arachydonylethanolamide) is a naturally-occurring ligand of the canabinoid receptor. When anandamide binds to its receptor, adenylate cyclase is inhibited…

The conclusions are that the motor nerve terminal has a cannabinoid receptor.

The binding of anandamide to this receptor seems to block adenylate cyclase.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7953630

Increased cannabinoid receptor 1-immunoreactive nerve fibers in overactive and painful bladder disorders and their correlation with symptoms.

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“To study the expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in human urinary bladder hypersensitivity and overactivity disorders, and correlate changes with symptoms. Cannabinoid receptor agonists have been shown to modulate urinary bladder contractility and reduce pain after bladder inflammation; their clinical efficacy on lower urinary tract symptoms was demonstrated in the Cannabinoids in Multiple Sclerosis study…

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study suggest that increased nerve fibers, which express CB1, may be related to bladder pain in PBS (painful bladder syndrome) and urgency in IDO (idiopathic detrusor overactivity).

Our findings support clinical trials of CB1 agonists in bladder disorders.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20346490

Evaluation of selective cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced interstitial cystitis.

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“Recent experimental results have shown a functional role of the endocannabinoid system in urinary bladder. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of selective cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists in a mouse model of interstitial cystitis…

Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that modulation of the cannabinoid CB2 receptors might be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bladder diseases and conditions characterized by inflammation, such as interstitial cystitis.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24561047

The endocannabinoid system controls food intake via olfactory processes.

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“Hunger arouses sensory perception, eventually leading to an increase in food intake, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We found that cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors promote food intake in fasted mice by increasing odor detection.

CB1 receptors were abundantly expressed on axon terminals of centrifugal cortical glutamatergic neurons that project to inhibitory granule cells of the main olfactory bulb (MOB).

Local pharmacological and genetic manipulations revealed that endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids increased odor detection and food intake in fasted mice by decreasing excitatory drive from olfactory cortex areas to the MOB.

Consistently, cannabinoid agonists dampened in vivo optogenetically stimulated excitatory transmission in the same circuit.

Our data indicate that cortical feedback projections to the MOB crucially regulate food intake via CB1 receptor signaling, linking the feeling of hunger to stronger odor processing.Thus, CB1 receptor-dependent control of cortical feedback projections in olfactory circuits couples internal states to perception and behavior.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24509429

Endocannabinoids and neuropathic pain: focus on neuron-glia and endocannabinoid-neurotrophin interactions.

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“Although originally described as a signalling system encompassing the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, their endogenous agonists (the endocannabinoids), and metabolic enzymes regulating the levels of such agonists, the endocannabinoid system is now viewed as being more complex, and including metabolically related endocannabinoid-like mediators and their molecular targets as well.

The function and dysfunction of this complex signalling system in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pain transduction and control has been widely studied over the last two decades.

In this review article, we describe some of the latest advances in our knowledge on the role of the endocannabinoid system, in its most recent and wider conception, in pain pathways, by focusing on: (1) neuron-glia interactions; and (2) emerging data on endocannabinoid cross-talk with neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24494680

Selective inhibition of FAAH produces antidiarrheal and antinociceptive effect mediated by endocannabinoids and cannabinoid-like fatty acid amides.

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“The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) plays a crucial role in multiple physiological processes in the central nervous system and in the periphery. The discovery that selective cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonists exert a potent inhibitory action on gastrointestinal (GI) motility and pain has placed the ECS in the center of attention as a possible target for the treatment of functional GI diseases…

These data expand our understanding of the ECS function and provide a novel framework for the development of future potential treatments of functional GI disorders.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24460851

Use of Dronabinol for Cannabis Dependence: Two Case Reports and Review

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“Based on recent laboratory studies, dronabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) has been shown to reduce cannabis withdrawal symptoms and the subjective effects of marijuana.

Given that agonist agents have been found to be effective for opiate and nicotine dependence, the clinical utility of dronabinol for cannabis dependence is a reasonable approach…

It is clear from the two cases that both patients found the induction onto dronabinol helpful.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2733248/

Cannabinoid modulation of predator fear: involvement of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray.

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“The present study investigated the effects of systemic or intra-dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) administration of CB1 agonists on behavioural changes induced in rats by predator (a live cat) exposure, a model of panic responses…

These results suggest that modulation of the cannabinoid system could be a target in the treatment of panic disorders…”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24438603

Cannabinoid agonists showing BuChE inhibition as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease.

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“Designing drugs with a specific multi-target profile is a promising approach against multifactorial illnesses as Alzheimer’s disease. In this work, new indazole ethers that possess dual activity as both cannabinoid agonists CB2 and inhibitors of BuChE have been designed by computational methods…

The results of pharmacological tests have revealed that three of these derivatives behave as CB2 cannabinoid agonists and simultaneously show BuChE inhibition. In particular, compounds 3 and 24 have emerged as promising candidates as novel cannabinoids that inhibit BuChE by a non-competitive or mixed mechanism, respectively. On the other hand, both molecules show antioxidant properties.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24378710