“Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids. Preparations of Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana) have been used for many centuries both medicinally and recreationally. Specifically, cannabinoids are well known to exert palliative effects in cancer patients. Their best-established use is the inhibition of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cannabinoids also inhibit pain. Therapeutic potential of canna
binoids in oncology might not be restricted to their aforementioned palliative actions. In addition to the well-known palliative effects of cannabinoids on some cancer-associated symptoms, a large body of evidence shows that these molecules can decrease tumour growth in animal models of cancer. In addition, cannabinoids inhibit angiogenesis and decrease metastasis in various tumour types in laboratory animals. Thus, numerous studies have provided evidence that thc and other cannabinoids exhibit antitumour effects in a wide array of animal models of cancer.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791144/
http://www.current-oncology.com/index.php/oncology/article/view/3080
“Popular Antidepressant May Promote Breast Cancer. We’ve told you before about the dangers of SSRIs, an incredibly popular class of antidepressants that can cause violent outbursts—both homicidal and suicidal. But now, researchers have found another alarming side effect: they may promote breast cancer.” http://www.anh-usa.org/popular-antidepressant-may-promote-breast-cancer/
“Apple pectin: A natural source for cancer suppression in 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro and express p53 in mouse bearing 4T1 cancer tumors, in vivo. Our results demonstrated that pectic acid, a natural component of apple, can prevent metastasis in both cancer cell lines and primary tumors.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697635
“Green tea compounds in breast cancer prevention and treatment. In recent years, many in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that green tea possesses anti-cancer effects. Green tea is the distinctive “liquor” produced from the evergreen plant Camellia sinensis leaves and is the most ancient beverage in the world. Traditional Chinese medicine has recommended drinking green tea for the prevention of disease. In recent years, many scientific and medical studies suggested that green tea possesses antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and chemopreventive effects. Green tea components, especially epigallocatechin-3-gallate, possess anti-breast cancer effects.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127621/“Cup of herbal tea could help fight breast cancer. Scientists have discovered that an extract from a common plant in Pakistan may help treat breast cancer. The plant, Fagonia cretica, and known as Virgon’s Mantlem, is commonly used in herbal tea.”
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120824082506.htm“An Aqueous Extract of Fagonia cretica Induces DNA Damage, Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells via FOXO3a and p53 Expression. Plants have proved to be an important source of anti-cancer drugs. Here we have investigated the cytotoxic action of an aqueous extract of Fagonia cretica, used widely as a herbal tea-based treatment for breast cancer. Our findings indicate that Fagonia cretica aqueous extract contains potential anti-cancer agents acting either singly or in combination against breast cancer cell proliferation via DNA damage-induced FOXO3a and p53 expression.”
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0040152
“Walking Can Reduce Breast Cancer Risk”
”Exercise Helps Prevent Breast Cancer”
“Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system”
“Many women use multivitamins in the belief that these supplements will prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. These results suggest that multivitamin use is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.” http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/91/5/1268.full
“Folic acid linked to breast cancer growth in animal study. A new study suggests that taking large amounts of folate – a B vitamin – and its synthetic form, folic acid, might actually increase the risk of developing breast cancer.” http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/271601.php
“First commercialized in the 1950s, parabens are a group of synthetic compounds commonly used as preservatives in a wide range of health, beauty and personal care products. If the product you are using contains methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben and isobutylparaben, it has parabens. These ingredients are added to deodorants, toothpastes, shampoos, conditioners, body lotions and makeups, among other products, to stop the growth of fungus, bacteria and other potentially damaging microbes. Researchers have also found that some 90 percent of typical grocery items contain measurable amounts of parabens, which is why even those who steer clear of potentially harmful personal care products also carry parabens around in their bloodstreams.” https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/should-people-be-concerned-about-parabens-in-beauty-products/
“An earlier age of breast cancer diagnosis related to more frequent use of antiperspirants/deodorants and underarm shaving. Breast cancer incidence suggests a lifestyle cause. A lifestyle factor used near the breast is the application of antiperspirants/deodorants accompanied by axillary shaving. This is the first study to investigate the intensity of underarm exposure in a cohort of breast cancer survivors. In conclusion, underarm shaving with antiperspirant/deodorant use may play a role in breast cancer.” http://journals.lww.com/eurjcancerprev/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2003&issue=12000&article=00006&type=abstract
“17 Everyday Chemicals Could Be Linked to Breast Cancer. These everyday chemicals include those found in vehicle exhaust, flame retardants (which are commonly used on furniture, rugs and mattresses), stain-resistant textiles (like the kind used to upholster furniture), paint removers and disinfection byproducts in drinking water. The study also identified chemicals formed by combustion (benzene and butadiene), which humans are exposed to from gasoline, lawn equipment, tobacco smoke, and charred or burned food.” http://time.com/95915/breast-cancer-chemicals/
“Exposure to Chemicals in Cosmetics. While the chemicals in cosmetics make us look, feel, and smell better, research strongly suggests that at certain exposure levels, some of these chemicals may contribute to the development of cancer in people.” http://www.breastcancer.org/risk/factors/cosmetics
“Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with
exposure to carcinogens and endocrine
“Women Who Work in These Types of Jobs Have Scary-High Rates of Breast Cancer. Why? Researchers point to a biggie: the workers may be handling carcinogenic and endocrine-dirupting chemicals, like solvents, flame retardants, and BPA–the controversial chemical in some water bottles, plastic cups, and other consumer products. Women in other industries–agricultural, plastics, canning, and the casino, bar and racetrack sectors–also had elevated breast cancer levels,” https://www.glamour.com/story/women-who-work-in-these-types
“Researchers raise concerns about BPA and breast cancer”
“BPA Can Rub Off From Receipts, Money, Study Finds”
“BPA found to promote breast cancer in new study”
“Studies: Chemicals May Harm Breast Development”
“Studies: Chemicals May Harm Breast Development”
“Can of Soup a Day Linked to High BPA Levels in Urine”
“Eating Fresh Foods May Cut Exposure to BPA.”
“Double mastectomy may not boost life expectancy”
“These results strongly support a role for cigarette smoking
“Overall, the results of these studies suggest that smoking probably does not decrease the risk and indeed suggest that there may be an increased breast cancer risk with smoking of long duration, smoking before a first full-term pregnancy, and passive smoking.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376493
“Based on extensive reviews of research studies, there is a strong scientific consensus of an association between alcohol drinking and several types of cancer. In its Report on Carcinogens, the National Toxicology Program of the US Department of Health and Human Services lists consumption of alcoholic beverages as a known human carcinogen. More than 100 epidemiologic studies have looked at the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer in women. These studies have consistently found an increased risk of breast cancer associated with increasing alcohol intake.”
http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/alcohol/alcohol-fact-sheet
“Natural cures for breast cancer treatment. For centuries, herbs and plants have been used for medicinal purposes and as food as well. This review concerns about different types of plants that retain the immune stimulating and anti-tumor properties. Large variety of active phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, ligands, polyphenolics, terpenoids, sulfides, lignans and plant sterols has been identified in different types of herbs. “Herb” is a botanical term means plants producing fruits, seeds, with nonwoody stems. These plants and herbs have played very important role in maintaining the human health. Today public has more interest in herbal remedies than synthetic medicines because herbals contains natural active compound that can support the human health”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4881189/
“Drug made from herbs may fight breast cancer. Luteolin, a natural compound found in herbs such as thyme and parsley and in vegetables such as celery and broccoli, may reduce the cancer risk for women who have taken hormone replacement therapy.” http://www.futurity.org/breast-cancer-luteolin-998922/
“Cannabinoids appear to kill tumor cells but do not affect their nontransformed counterparts and may even protect them from cell death. An in vitro study of the effect of CBD on programmed cell death in breast cancer cell lines found that CBD induced programmed cell death. Other studies have also shown the antitumor effect of cannabinoids (i.e., CBD and THC) in preclinical models of breast cancer.”
http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq#section/_7
“Cannabinoids and their derivatives have been utilized for their medicinal and therapeutic properties throughout history. More recently, cannabinoids have gained special attention for their role in cancer cell proliferation and death. The majority of in vivo animal studies discussed here indicate that cannabinoids from plant, synthetic and endogenous origin are capable of effectively decreasing tumor growth and invasion. Furthermore, clinical studies evaluating cannabinoid ef
ficacy in human subjects are limited, yet these studies showed that cannabinoids may be safe and effective anti-neoplastics. Anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids in humans.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054289/
“Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Inhibits Cell Cycle Progression in Human Breast Cancer Cells through Cdc2 Regulation. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed in human breast tumors. THC inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Here, we show that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), through activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors, reduces human breast cancer cell proliferation by blocking the progression of the cell cycle and by inducing apoptosis” http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/66/13/6615.long
“JunD is involved in the antiproliferative effect of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on human breast cancer cells. It has been shown that cannabinoids, the active components of marijuana and their derivatives, inhibit cell cycle progression of human breast cancer cells. Here we studied the mechanism of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) antiproliferative action in these cells, and show that it involves the modulation of JunD, a member of the AP-1 transcription factor family. THC activates JunD. This is the first report showing not only that cannabinoids regulate JunD but, more generally, that JunD activation reduces the proliferation of cancer cells, which points to a new target to inhibit breast cancer progression.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18454173
“Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breast cancer progression through Akt inhibition. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, the active compounds of marijuana and their derivatives, has been known for centuries. During the last decade, evidence has accumulated suggesting that cannabinoids might be useful for the treatment of cancer. These compounds exert anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-invasive effects in different cell-culture and animal models of cancer. Here, we used a genetically engineered animal model of ErbB2-driven metastatic breast cancer (the MMTV-neu mouse) to analyze the antitumoral potential of cannabinoids in this particularly aggressive pathology. Results presented herein (i) show that ErbB2-positive invasive human breast tumors express CB2 receptors, (ii) demonstrate that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the non-psychotropic CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist JWH-133 significantly reduce tumor progression in a clinically relevant model of ErbB2-positive metastatic breast cancer, and (iii) shed light on the mechanism of cannabinoid antitumoral action in vivo. Taken together, these results provide a strong preclinical evidence for the use of cannabinoid-based therapies for the management of ErbB2-positive breast cancer.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2917429/
“
Cannabis sativa Extract Reduces Cytoskeletal Associated Proteins in Breast Cancer Cell Line. Previous studies suggested that Cannabis sativa has anti-cancer properties influencing tumor size and metastasis properties. According to evidence, THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol), a natural component from C. Sativa, had antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects. The aim of this study is to explore the action of C. sativa on tau and stathmin gene existing in breast cancer cell. Conclusions: C. sativa extract dose-dependently influences tau and stathmin relative gene expressions, which may reduce cancer metastasis.”
http://ijcancerprevention.com/en/articles/5474.html
“Antitumor Activity of Plant Cannabinoids with Emphasis on the Effect of Cannabidiol on Human Breast Carcinoma. The therapeutic properties of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, have been known since antiquity. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exhibits antitumor effects on various cancer cell types. The aim of this study was to identify natural cannabinoids with antitumor activities at least similar to those of THC and devoid of the potential central effects of this compound. We found that, surprisingly, cannabidiol acted as a more potent inhibitor of cancer cell growth than THC and that cannabigerol and cannabichromene usually followed cannabidiol in the rank of potency. In conclusion, our data indicate that cannabidiol, and possibly Cannabis extracts enriched in this natural cannabinoid, represent a promising nonpsychoactive antineoplastic strategy. In particular, for a highly malignant human breast carcinoma cell line, we have shown here that cannabidiol and a cannabidiol-rich extract counteract cell growth both in vivo and in vitro as well as tumor metastasis in vivo.”
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/318/3/1375.long
“Cannabidiol as a novel inhibitor of Id-1 gene expression in aggressive breast cancer cells. The helix-loop-helix protein Id-1, plays a crucial role during breast cancer progression. Reducing Id-1 expression could provide a rational therapeutic strategy for the treatment of aggressive human breast cancers. Cannabinoid agonists working through CB1 and CB2 receptors have been shown to act as tumor inhibitors in a variety of cancer models. In addition to Δ9-THC, CBD is also present in significant quantities in Cannabis sativa. Plant cannabinoids are stable compounds with low-toxicity profiles that are well tolerated by animals and humans during chronic administration. Our data presented here show that CBD represents the first exogenous agent that can down-regulate Id-1 expression in aggressive hormone-independent breast cancer cells. CBD represents the first nontoxic exogenous agent that can significantly decrease Id-1 expression in metastatic breast cancer cells leading to the down-regulation of tumor aggressiveness. Cannabinoids Reduce the Growth of Aggressive Human Breast Cancer Cells.” http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/6/11/2921.full
“Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. We discovered that CBD was the first non-toxic plant-based agent that could down-regulate Id-1 expression in aggressive hormone-independent breast cancer cells. CBD has also been shown to inhibit breast cancer metastasis. Our data demonstrate the efficacy of CBD in pre-clinical models of breast cancer. The results have the potential to lead to the development of novel non-toxic compounds for the treatment of breast cancer metastasis. Treatment with CBD leads to the inhibition of Id-1 gene expression, proliferation, and invasion in mouse mammary cancer cells, and a reduction of primary tumor volume and number of metastatic foci in vivo. CBD, therefore, represents a potential non-toxic exogenous agent for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3410650/
“Cannabidiol Induces Programmed Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells by Coordinating the Cross-talk between Apoptosis and Autophagy. Cannabidiol (CBD), a major nonpsychoactive constituent of cannabis, is considered an antineoplastic agent on the basis of its in vitro and in vivo activity against tumor cells. We found that CBD induced both apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells. Characterizing more precisely the manner by which CBD kills breast cancer cells will help define the optimal applications of CBD as a cancer therapeutic. In summary, we showed that CBD, a plant-derived cannabinoid, preferentially kills breast cancer cells by inducing ER stress, inhibiting mTOR signaling, enhancing ROS generation, and mediating a complex balance between autophagy and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. These findings support the continued exploration of CBD as an alternative agent for breast cancer treatment.” http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/10/7/1161.long
“Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and inhibition of EGF/EGFR pathway: Novel anti‐tumor mechanisms of Cannabidiol in breast cancer. Novel anti-tumor mechanisms of Cannabidiol in breast cancer. In the present study, we analyzed CBD’s anti-tumorigenic activity against highly aggressive breast cancer cell lines. In summary, our study shows -for the first time- that CBD inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis. These results indicate that CBD can be used as a novel therapeutic option to inhibit growth and metastasis of highly aggressive breast cancer”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4387115/“Cannabidiolic acid, a major cannabinoid in fiber-type cannabis, is an inhibitor of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell migration. Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotropic constituent of fiber-type cannabis plant, has been reported to possess anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. CBD is obtained from non-enzymatic decarboxylation of its parent molecule, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). The data presented in this report suggest for the first time that as an active component in the cannabis plant, CBDA offers potential therapeutic modality in the abrogation of cancer cell migration, including aggressive breast cancers. CBDA is an inhibitor of highly aggressive human breast cancer cell migration. CBDA is a biologically active component of the fiber-type cannabis plant with potential utility as an effective anti-migration agent.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4009504/
“Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. Cannabinoids have been reported to possess antitumorogenic activity. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of synthetic nonpyschoactive cannabinoids on breast cancer growth and metastasis, and show that cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit breast cancer cell growth and metastasis in vivo. We have shown that the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are overexpressed in primary human breast tumors compared with normal breast tissue. Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer. These results indicate that CB1 and CB2 receptors could be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies against breast cancer growth and metastasis.”
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4128286/“Phyto-, endo- and synthetic cannabinoids: promising chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of breast and prostate carcinomas. Cannabinoids are classified in three groups: phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and the synthetic analogues of both groups. They have become a promising tool in the treatment of cancer disease, not only as palliative agents, but also as antitumor drugs, due to their ability to inhibit the proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogene
sis of tumour cells. Two of the cancers where they have shown high anticancer activity are breast and prostate tumours. The aim of this review is to evaluate the promising chemotherapeutic utility of phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids in breast and prostate cancer. Cannabinoids may be promising tools in combination therapy for breast and prostate cancer, due to their direct antitumor effects, their ability to improve the efficacy of conventional antitumor drugs and their usefulness as palliative treatment.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27633508
“Cannabinoids: a new hope for breast cancer therapy? Experimental evidence accumulated during the last decade supports that cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa and their derivatives, possess anticancer activity. Thus, these compounds exert anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-migratory and anti-invasive actions in a wide spectrum of cancer cells in culture. Moreover, tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis are hampered by cannabinoids in xenograft-based and genetically-engineered mouse models of cancer. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the anti-tumor potential of cannabinoids in breast cancer, which suggests that cannabinoid-based medicines may be useful for the treatment of most breast tumor subtypes.”
“(±)-Sativamides A (1) and B (2), two pairs of nor-lignanamide enantiomers featuring a unique benzo-angular triquinane skeleton, were isolated from the fruits of Cannabis sativa (hemp seed). Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and ECD calculations. The resolution of (+)- and (-)-sativamides A and B were achieved by chiral HPLC. Pretreatment of neuroblastoma cells with 1 and 2 significantly reduced the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced cytotoxicity.”
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29345463
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.joc.7b02765
