Tag Archives: THC

HU-444, A Novel, Potent Anti-Inflammatory, Non-Psychotropic Cannabinoid.

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“Cannabidiol (CBD) is a component of cannabis, which does not cause the typical marijuana-type effects, but has a high potential for use in several therapeutic areas.

In contrast to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) it binds very weakly to the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It has potent activity in both in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory assays. Thus, it lowers the formation of TNF-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, and was found to be an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis in vivo.

However in acidic media it can cyclize to the psychoactive Δ9-THC. We report the synthesis of a novel CBD derivative, HU-444, which cannot be converted by acid cyclization into a Δ9-THC-like compound.

In vitro HU-444 had anti-inflammatory activity (decrease of reactive oxygen intermediates and inhibition of TNF-a production by macrophages); in vivo it led to suppression of production of TNF-α and amelioration of liver damage as well as lowering of mouse collagen-induced arthritis. HU-444 did not cause Δ9-THC- like effects in mice.

We believe that HU-444 represents a potential novel drug for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26272937

The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids

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“The endocannabinoid system is currently defined as the ensemble of the two 7-transmembrane-domain and G protein-coupled receptors for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (but not for most other plant cannabinoids or phytocannabinoids)—cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R); their two most studied endogenous ligands, the “endocannabinoids” N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG); and the enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid metabolism.

However, anandamide and 2-AG, and also the phytocannabinoids, have more molecular targets than just CB1R and CB2R.

Furthermore, the endocannabinoids, like most other lipid mediators, have more than just one set of biosynthetic and degrading pathways and enzymes, which they often share with “endocannabinoid-like” mediators that may or may not interact with the same proteins as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other phytocannabinoids.

In some cases, these degrading pathways and enzymes lead to molecules that are not inactive and instead interact with other receptors.

Finally, some of the metabolic enzymes may also participate in the chemical modification of molecules that have very little to do with endocannabinoid and cannabinoid targets.

Here, we review the whole world of ligands, receptors, and enzymes, a true “endocannabinoidome”, discovered after the cloning of CB1R and CB2R and the identification of anandamide and 2-AG, and its interactions with phytocannabinoids.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26271952

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13311-015-0374-6

[Clinical pharmacology of medical cannabinoids in chronic pain].

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“In Switzerland, medical cannabinoids can be prescribed under compassionate use after special authorization in justified indications such as refractory pain. Evidence of efficacy in pain is limited and the clinical benefit seems to be modest. Their drug-drug interactions (DDI) profile is poorly documented. Cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2C9 and 3A4 are involved in the metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, which implies possible DDI with CYP450 inhibitor and inducer, such as anticonvulsivants and HIV protease inhibitors, which may be prescribed in patients with neuropathic pain.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26267945

Dissecting the cannabinergic control of behavior: The where matters.

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“The endocannabinoid system is the target of the main psychoactive component of the plant Cannabis sativa, the Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

This system is composed by the cannabinoid receptors, the endogenous ligands, and the enzymes involved in their metabolic processes, which works both centrally and peripherally to regulate a plethora of physiological functions.

This review aims at explaining how the site-specific actions of the endocannabinoid system impact on memory and feeding behavior through the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1 R).

Centrally, CB1 R is widely distributed in many brain regions, different cell types (e.g. neuronal or glial cells) and intracellular compartments (e.g. mitochondria).

Interestingly, cellular and molecular effects are differentially mediated by CB1 R according to their cell-type localization (e.g. glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons).

Thus, understanding the cellular and subcellular function of CB1 R will provide new insights and aid the design of new compounds in cannabinoid-based medicine.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26260530

An Overview of Products and Bias in Research.

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“Cannabis is a genus of annual flowering plant.

Cannabis is often divided into 3 species-Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis-but there is significant disagreement about this, and some consider them subspecies of the same parent species.

Cannabis sativa can grow to 5-18 feet or more, and often has a few branches.

Cannabis indica typically grows 2-4 feet tall and is compactly branched.

Cannabis ruderalis contains very low levels of Δ-9-tetrahyocannabinol so is rarely grown by itself. Cannabis ruderalis flowers as a result of age, not light conditions, which is called autoflowering. It is principally used in hybrids, to enable the hybrid to have the autoflowering property.

There are > 700 strains of cannabis, often with colorful names.

Some are strains of 1 of the 3 subspecies. Many are crossbred hybrids.

The strains can be named in a variety of ways: smell or lineage are common ways of naming. There are only a few rules about how the strains are named, and most strains’ names do not follow the rules.

There are 4 basic preparations of marijuana: bhang, hasish, oil (or hash oil), and leaves and/or buds.

In medical marijuana trials, subjective outcomes are frequently used but blind breaking can introduce significant bias. Blind breaking occurs when patients figure out if they are in the control or the treatment group. When this occurs, there is significant overestimation of treatment effect.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202343

Ultra Low Dose Delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Protects Mouse Liver from Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.

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“Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the main cause of both primary graft dysfunction and primary non-function of liver allografts.

Cannabinoids has been reported to attenuate myocardial, cerebral and hepatic I/R oxidative injury.

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a cannabinoid agonist, is the active components of marijuana.

In this study we examined the role of ultralow dose THC (0.002mg/kg) in the protection of livers from I/R injury. This extremely low dose of THC was previously found by us to protect the mice brain and heart from a variety of insults.

CONCLUSION:

A single ultralow dose THC can reduce the apoptotic, oxidative and inflammatory injury induced by hepatic I/R injury.

THC may serve as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in hepatic I/R injury during liver transplantation, liver resection and trauma.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26202357

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolicacid synthase production in Pichia pastoris enables chemical synthesis of cannabinoids.

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“Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is of increasing interest as a pharmaceutical and bioactive compound.

Chemical synthesis of THC uses a laborious procedure and does not satisfy the market demand.

The implementation of biocatalysts for specific synthesis steps might be beneficial for making natural product availability independent from the plant.

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolicacid synthase (THCAS) from C. sativa L. catalyzes the cyclization of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), which is non-enzymatically decarboxylated to THC.

In conclusion, production of THCAS in Pichia pastoris MutS KM71 KE1, subsequent isolation, and its application in a two-liquid phase setup enables the synthesis of THCA on a mg scale.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26197418

The effects of dronabinol during detoxification and the initiation of treatment with extended release naltrexone.

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“Evidence suggests that the cannabinoid system is involved in the maintenance of opioid dependence. We examined whether dronabinol, a cannabinoid receptor type 1 partial agonist, reduces opioid withdrawal and increases retention in treatment with extended release naltrexone (XR-naltrexone).

CONCLUSION:

Dronabinol reduced the severity of opiate withdrawal during acute detoxification but had no effect on rates of XR-naltrexone treatment induction and retention. Participants who elected to smoke marijuana during the trial were more likely to complete treatment regardless of treatment group assignment.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26187456

Phytocannabinoids for Cancer Therapeutics: Recent Updates and Future Prospects.

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“Phytocannabinoids (pCBs) are lipid-soluble phytochemicals present in the plant, Cannabis sativa L. and non-cannabis plants which have a long history in traditional and recreational medicine.

The plant and constituents were central in the discovery of the endocannabinoid system, the most new target for drug discovery.

The endocannabinoid system includes two G protein-coupled receptors; the cannabinoid receptors-1 and -2 (CB1 and CB2) for marijuana’s psychoactive principle ∆(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC), their endogenous small lipid ligands; namely anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), also known as endocannabinoids and the proteins for endocannabinoid biosynthesis and degradation such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL).

The endocannabinoid system has been suggested as a pro-homeostatic and pleiotropic signaling system activated in a time- and tissue-specific way during pathological conditions including cancer.

Targeting the CB1 receptors become a concern because of adverse psychotropic reactions. Hence, targeting the CB2 receptors or the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme by phytocannabinoids obtained from non-cannabis plant lacking psychotropic adverse reactions has garnered interest in drug discovery.

These pCBs derived from plants beyond cannabis appear safe and effective with a wider access and availability.

In recent years, several pCBs derived other than non-cannabinoid plants have been reported to bind to and functionally interact with cannabinoid receptors and appear promising candidate for drug development in cancer therapeutics.

Several of them also target the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes that control endocannabinoid levels. In this article, we summarize, critically discuss the updates and future prospects of the pCBs as novel and promising candidates for cancer therapeutics.”

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26179998

http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/category/cancer/

Selective Reduction of THC’s Unwanted Effects through Serotonin Receptor Inhibition

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“While recreational marijuana users may seek the full range of its effects, broad medical use of THC—including for pain, nausea, and anxiety—is hindered by them.

In a new study, Xavier Viñals, Estefania Moreno, Peter McCormick, Rafael Maldonado, Patricia Robledo, and colleagues demonstrate that the cognitive effects of THC are triggered by a pathway separate from some of its other effects.

That pathway involves both a cannabinoid receptor and a serotonin receptor, and when this pathway is blocked, THC can still exert several beneficial effects, including analgesia, while avoiding impairment of memory.

The results of this study are potentially highly important, in that they identify a way to reduce some of what are usually thought of as THC’s unwanted side effects when used for medicinal purposes while maintaining several important benefits, including pain relief.

The widening acceptance of a role for THC in medicine may be accelerated by the option to reduce those side effects by selective pharmacological disruption or blocking of the heteromer.”

http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002193